Explore the modular blockchain thesis and how separating consensus, execution, data availability, and settlement boosts scalability.

Which architecture scales better? Know how Ethereum as a Settlement Layer is solving congestion and high fees in Web3.

A HUNDRED years ago, in 1925, the world produced just over 500 million tons of oil per year. Today that number exceeds 4.3 billion tons. Natural gas ...

The next generation of enterprise technology will be both intelligent and decentralized. The rise of agentic AI confirms this vision, but it also challenges us to think bigger, writes John Wu, of Ava ...

Since the notion of a “smart city” is somewhat vague on its own, it helps to have a clear definition of what a smart city is and is not.

Compare Optimistic Rollups and ZK Rollups. Know how fraud proofs and validity proofs allow Ethereum to function as a secure ...

Orphan blocks in blockchain occur when blocks with less proof are outpaced by others, often due to network delays. Learn how they affect blockchain integrity.