The following sections cover the basic concepts and technologies that underpin the construction and operation of an atomic force microscope. An atomic force microscope is optimized for measuring ...

This article serves as a basic introduction to the design and operation of an atomic force microscope. The following sections cover the basic concepts and technologies that help understand the ...

Multiwavelength TIRFM often uses an objective-based setup in which TIR is generated by focusing the excitation lasers through a high numerical aperture (NA; >1.4) microscope objective (MO; ref. 9). As ...

Effective stereo microscope selection depends on understanding application demands and the performance factors that affect 3D ...

Engineers have developed a small, mirrored chip that helps to produce dark-field images, without dedicated expensive components. The chip is slightly larger than a postage stamp and as thin as a ...